Volunteered geographic information (VGI) is the sharing of geographic content and the sharing of experiences with people [24]. In a study conducted by Langley, Messina, and Moore [25], regular citizens with some or no scientific training volunteered in a VGI crowdsourcing project called participatory mapping. Participants mapped locations on a shared map for researchers to collect, test and analyse spatial data. Volunteers shared their location through use of a VGI application, or with enabled GPS (Global Positioning System) functionalities on a smartphone, laptop or tablet.
The sharing of VGI content captures geographic events via live-streaming enabling tracking, reporting or monitoring. Events captured through VGI activities included updates on bushfires [26], the migration of refugees [27], earthquakes [28], and disease outbreaks such as the COVID-19 pandemic [29]. VGI capabilities had also helped organizations track
human movement [30], air pollution [31], social injustices, and inequalities [32].